Tag: knapsack problem

0/1 Knapsack Problem | Dynamic Programming | Example

Knapsack Problem-

 

You are given the following-

  • A knapsack (kind of shoulder bag) with limited weight capacity.
  • Few items each having some weight and value.

 

The problem states-

Which items should be placed into the knapsack such that-

  • The value or profit obtained by putting the items into the knapsack is maximum.
  • And the weight limit of the knapsack does not exceed.

 

 

Knapsack Problem Variants-

 

Knapsack problem has the following two variants-

  1. Fractional Knapsack Problem
  2. 0/1 Knapsack Problem

 

In this article, we will discuss about 0/1 Knapsack Problem.

 

0/1 Knapsack Problem-

 

In 0/1 Knapsack Problem,

  • As the name suggests, items are indivisible here.
  • We can not take the fraction of any item.
  • We have to either take an item completely or leave it completely.
  • It is solved using dynamic programming approach.

 

Also Read- Fractional Knapsack Problem

 

0/1 Knapsack Problem Using Dynamic Programming-

 

Consider-

  • Knapsack weight capacity = w
  • Number of items each having some weight and value = n

 

0/1 knapsack problem is solved using dynamic programming in the following steps-

 

Step-01:

 

  • Draw a table say ‘T’ with (n+1) number of rows and (w+1) number of columns.
  • Fill all the boxes of 0th row and 0th column with zeroes as shown-

 

 

Step-02:

 

Start filling the table row wise top to bottom from left to right.

Use the following formula-

T (i , j) = max { T ( i-1 , j ) , valuei + T( i-1 , j – weight) }

 

Here, T(i , j) = maximum value of the selected items if we can take items 1 to i and have weight restrictions of j.

 

  • This step leads to completely filling the table.
  • Then, value of the last box represents the maximum possible value that can be put into the knapsack.

 

Step-03:

 

To identify the items that must be put into the knapsack to obtain that maximum profit,

  • Consider the last column of the table.
  • Start scanning the entries from bottom to top.
  • On encountering an entry whose value is not same as the value stored in the entry immediately above it, mark the row label of that entry.
  • After all the entries are scanned, the marked labels represent the items that must be put into the knapsack.

 

Time Complexity-

 

  • Each entry of the table requires constant time θ(1) for its computation.
  • It takes θ(nw) time to fill (n+1)(w+1) table entries.
  • It takes θ(n) time for tracing the solution since tracing process traces the n rows.
  • Thus, overall θ(nw) time is taken to solve 0/1 knapsack problem using dynamic programming.

 

PRACTICE PROBLEM BASED ON 0/1 KNAPSACK PROBLEM-

 

Problem-

 

For the given set of items and knapsack capacity = 5 kg, find the optimal solution for the 0/1 knapsack problem making use of dynamic programming approach.

 

Item Weight Value
1 2 3
2 3 4
3 4 5
4 5 6

 

OR

 

Find the optimal solution for the 0/1 knapsack problem making use of dynamic programming approach. Consider-

n = 4

w = 5 kg

(w1, w2, w3, w4) = (2, 3, 4, 5)

(b1, b2, b3, b4) = (3, 4, 5, 6)

 

OR

 

A thief enters a house for robbing it. He can carry a maximal weight of 5 kg into his bag. There are 4 items in the house with the following weights and values. What items should thief take if he either takes the item completely or leaves it completely?

 

Item Weight (kg) Value ($)
Mirror 2 3
Silver nugget 3 4
Painting 4 5
Vase 5 6

 

Solution-

 

Given-

 

  • Knapsack capacity (w) = 5 kg
  • Number of items (n) = 4

 

Step-01:

 

  • Draw a table say ‘T’ with (n+1) = 4 + 1 = 5 number of rows and (w+1) = 5 + 1 = 6 number of columns.
  • Fill all the boxes of 0th row and 0th column with 0.

 

 

Step-02:

 

Start filling the table row wise top to bottom from left to right using the formula-

T (i , j) = max { T ( i-1 , j ) , valuei + T( i-1 , j – weight) }

 

Finding T(1,1)-

 

We have,

  • i = 1
  • j = 1
  • (value)i = (value)1 = 3
  • (weight)i = (weight)1 = 2

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,1) = max { T(1-1 , 1) , 3 + T(1-1 , 1-2) }

T(1,1) = max { T(0,1) , 3 + T(0,-1) }

T(1,1) = T(0,1)             { Ignore T(0,-1) }

T(1,1) = 0

 

Finding T(1,2)-

 

We have,

  • i = 1
  • j = 2
  • (value)i = (value)1 = 3
  • (weight)i = (weight)1 = 2

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,2) = max { T(1-1 , 2) , 3 + T(1-1 , 2-2) }

T(1,2) = max { T(0,2) , 3 + T(0,0) }

T(1,2) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,2) = 3

 

Finding T(1,3)-

 

We have,

  • i = 1
  • j = 3
  • (value)i = (value)1 = 3
  • (weight)i = (weight)1 = 2

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,3) = max { T(1-1 , 3) , 3 + T(1-1 , 3-2) }

T(1,3) = max { T(0,3) , 3 + T(0,1) }

T(1,3) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,3) = 3

 

Finding T(1,4)-

 

We have,

  • i = 1
  • j = 4
  • (value)i = (value)1 = 3
  • (weight)i = (weight)1 = 2

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,4) = max { T(1-1 , 4) , 3 + T(1-1 , 4-2) }

T(1,4) = max { T(0,4) , 3 + T(0,2) }

T(1,4) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,4) = 3

 

Finding T(1,5)-

 

We have,

  • i = 1
  • j = 5
  • (value)i = (value)1 = 3
  • (weight)i = (weight)1 = 2

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(1,5) = max { T(1-1 , 5) , 3 + T(1-1 , 5-2) }

T(1,5) = max { T(0,5) , 3 + T(0,3) }

T(1,5) = max {0 , 3+0}

T(1,5) = 3

 

Finding T(2,1)-

 

We have,

  • i = 2
  • j = 1
  • (value)i = (value)2 = 4
  • (weight)i = (weight)2 = 3

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,1) = max { T(2-1 , 1) , 4 + T(2-1 , 1-3) }

T(2,1) = max { T(1,1) , 4 + T(1,-2) }

T(2,1) = T(1,1)           { Ignore T(1,-2) }

T(2,1) = 0

 

Finding T(2,2)-

 

We have,

  • i = 2
  • j = 2
  • (value)i = (value)2 = 4
  • (weight)i = (weight)2 = 3

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,2) = max { T(2-1 , 2) , 4 + T(2-1 , 2-3) }

T(2,2) = max { T(1,2) , 4 + T(1,-1) }

T(2,2) = T(1,2)           { Ignore T(1,-1) }

T(2,2) = 3

 

Finding T(2,3)-

 

We have,

  • i = 2
  • j = 3
  • (value)i = (value)2 = 4
  • (weight)i = (weight)2 = 3

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,3) = max { T(2-1 , 3) , 4 + T(2-1 , 3-3) }

T(2,3) = max { T(1,3) , 4 + T(1,0) }

T(2,3) = max { 3 , 4+0 }

T(2,3) = 4

 

Finding T(2,4)-

 

We have,

  • i = 2
  • j = 4
  • (value)i = (value)2 = 4
  • (weight)i = (weight)2 = 3

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,4) = max { T(2-1 , 4) , 4 + T(2-1 , 4-3) }

T(2,4) = max { T(1,4) , 4 + T(1,1) }

T(2,4) = max { 3 , 4+0 }

T(2,4) = 4

 

Finding T(2,5)-

 

We have,

  • i = 2
  • j = 5
  • (value)i = (value)2 = 4
  • (weight)i = (weight)2 = 3

 

Substituting the values, we get-

T(2,5) = max { T(2-1 , 5) , 4 + T(2-1 , 5-3) }

T(2,5) = max { T(1,5) , 4 + T(1,2) }

T(2,5) = max { 3 , 4+3 }

T(2,5) = 7

 

Similarly, compute all the entries.

After all the entries are computed and filled in the table, we get the following table-

 

 

  • The last entry represents the maximum possible value that can be put into the knapsack.
  • So, maximum possible value that can be put into the knapsack = 7.

 

Identifying Items To Be Put Into Knapsack-

 

Following Step-04,

  • We mark the rows labelled “1” and “2”.
  • Thus, items that must be put into the knapsack to obtain the maximum value 7 are-

Item-1 and Item-2

 

To gain better understanding about 0/1 Knapsack Problem,

Watch this Video Lecture

 

Next Article- Travelling Salesman Problem

 

Get more notes and other study material of Design and Analysis of Algorithms.

Watch video lectures by visiting our YouTube channel LearnVidFun.

Fractional Knapsack Problem | Greedy Method | Example

Knapsack Problem-

 

You are given the following-

  • A knapsack (kind of shoulder bag) with limited weight capacity.
  • Few items each having some weight and value.

 

The problem states-

Which items should be placed into the knapsack such that-

  • The value or profit obtained by putting the items into the knapsack is maximum.
  • And the weight limit of the knapsack does not exceed.

 

 

Knapsack Problem Variants-

 

Knapsack problem has the following two variants-

  1. Fractional Knapsack Problem
  2. 0/1 Knapsack Problem

 

In this article, we will discuss about Fractional Knapsack Problem.

 

Fractional Knapsack Problem-

 

In Fractional Knapsack Problem,

  • As the name suggests, items are divisible here.
  • We can even put the fraction of any item into the knapsack if taking the complete item is not possible.
  • It is solved using Greedy Method.

 

Also Read- 0/1 Knapsack Problem

 

Fractional Knapsack Problem Using Greedy Method-

 

Fractional knapsack problem is solved using greedy method in the following steps-

 

Step-01:

 

For each item, compute its value / weight ratio.

 

Step-02:

 

Arrange all the items in decreasing order of their value / weight ratio.

 

Step-03:

 

Start putting the items into the knapsack beginning from the item with the highest ratio.

Put as many items as you can into the knapsack.

 

Time Complexity-

 

  • The main time taking step is the sorting of all items in decreasing order of their value / weight ratio.
  • If the items are already arranged in the required order, then while loop takes O(n) time.
  • The average time complexity of Quick Sort is O(nlogn).
  • Therefore, total time taken including the sort is O(nlogn).

 

PRACTICE PROBLEM BASED ON FRACTIONAL KNAPSACK PROBLEM-

 

Problem-

 

For the given set of items and knapsack capacity = 60 kg, find the optimal solution for the fractional knapsack problem making use of greedy approach.

 

Item Weight Value
1 5 30
2 10 40
3 15 45
4 22 77
5 25 90

 

OR

 

Find the optimal solution for the fractional knapsack problem making use of greedy approach. Consider-

n = 5

w = 60 kg

(w1, w2, w3, w4, w5) = (5, 10, 15, 22, 25)

(b1, b2, b3, b4, b5) = (30, 40, 45, 77, 90)

 

OR

 

A thief enters a house for robbing it. He can carry a maximal weight of 60 kg into his bag. There are 5 items in the house with the following weights and values. What items should thief take if he can even take the fraction of any item with him?

 

Item Weight Value
1 5 30
2 10 40
3 15 45
4 22 77
5 25 90

 

Solution-

 

Step-01:

 

Compute the value / weight ratio for each item-

 

Items Weight Value Ratio
1 5 30 6
2 10 40 4
3 15 45 3
4 22 77 3.5
5 25 90 3.6

 

Step-02:

 

Sort all the items in decreasing order of their value / weight ratio-

 

I1          I2          I5          I4          I3

(6)       (4)        (3.6)      (3.5)       (3)

 

Step-03:

 

Start filling the knapsack by putting the items into it one by one.

 

Knapsack Weight Items in Knapsack Cost
60 Ø 0
55 I1 30
45 I1, I2 70
20 I1, I2, I5 160

 

Now,

  • Knapsack weight left to be filled is 20 kg but item-4 has a weight of 22 kg.
  • Since in fractional knapsack problem, even the fraction of any item can be taken.
  • So, knapsack will contain the following items-

< I1 , I2 , I5 , (20/22) I4 >

 

Total cost of the knapsack

= 160 + (20/27) x 77

= 160 + 70

= 230 units

 

Important Note-

 

Had the problem been a 0/1 knapsack problem, knapsack would contain the following items-

< I1 , I2 , I5 >

The knapsack’s total cost would be 160 units.

 

To gain better understanding about Fractional Knapsack Problem,

Watch this Video Lecture

 

Next Article- Job Sequencing With Deadlines

 

Get more notes and other study material of Design and Analysis of Algorithms.

Watch video lectures by visiting our YouTube channel LearnVidFun.